C C176677 PQ/CMC Units of Measure Terminology C92953 Allergen Unit for Ambrosia artemisiifolia An arbitrary unit for the measurement of Amb a 1 (or Antigen E), a 38 kD glycoprotein that is the major allergen in short ragweed pollen allergen extracts. [Amb'a'1'U] Amb a 1 units A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C112925 Granulation The act of forming something into grains. Granulation The process of creating granules. The powder morphology is modified through the use of either a liquid that causes particles to bind through capillary forces or dry compaction forces. The process will result in one or more of the following powder properties: enhanced flow; increased compressibility; densification; alteration of physical appearance to more spherical, uniform, or larger particles; and/or enhanced hydrophilic surface properties. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C112926 Particle Sizing Separation of particles into size-differentiated fractions. Particle Separation Particle size classification according to particle size alone. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C16583 Filtration The process of passing a liquid or gas through a filter. Filtration The process of passing a substance through a porous material to remove impurities and solid particles. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217576 Dosage Form Printing The marking of a capsule or tablet surface for the purpose of product identification. Printing may be accomplished by either the application of a contrasting colored polymer (ink) onto the surface of a capsule or tablet, or by the use of laser etching. Printing The marking of a capsule or tablet surface for the purpose of product identification. Printing may be accomplished by either the application of a contrasting colored polymer (ink) onto the surface of a capsule or tablet, or by the use of laser etching. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217578 Dosage Form Coating The uniform deposition of a layer of material on or around a solid dosage form, or component thereof. Coating The uniform deposition of a layer of material on or around a solid dosage form, or component thereof. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217599 Coat/Film Laser Drilling The drilling or ablating of a hole or holes through the polymeric film coating shell on the surfaces of a solid oral dosage form using a laser. The polymeric film shell is not soluble in vivo. The hole or holes allow for the modified release of the drug from the core of the dosage form. Drilling The drilling or ablating of a hole or holes through the polymeric film coating shell on the surfaces of a solid oral dosage form using a laser. The polymeric film shell is not soluble in vivo. The hole or holes allow for the modified release of the drug from the core of the dosage form. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217613 Drying by Evaporation The process of removing liquid from a substance by evaporation. Drying The removal of a liquid from a solid by evaporation. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217615 Filling Non-Sterile Primary Packaging The delivery of target weight or volume of bulk finished product to primary pack containers. Packaging (non-sterile products)/Filling The delivery of target weight or volume of bulk finished product to primary pack containers. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217619 Homogenization by Blending and Mixing The reorientation of particles relative to one another to achieve uniformity. Blending and Mixing The reorientation of particles relative to one another to achieve uniformity. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217624 Medical Product Filling or Aseptic Processing A method of preparing pharmaceutical and medical products that involves the separate sterilization of the product and of the package, the transfer of the product into the container, and closure of the container under at least ISO Class 5 conditions and using procedures designed to preclude contamination of drugs, packaging, equipment, or supplies by microorganisms during processing. Filling or Aseptic Processing A method of preparing pharmaceutical and medical products that involves the separate sterilization of the product and of the package, the transfer of the product into the container, and closure of the container under at least ISO Class 5 conditions and using procedures designed to preclude contamination of drugs, packaging, equipment, or supplies by microorganisms during processing. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217626 Pharmaceutical Powder Portioning The division of a pharmaceutical powder blend into uniform smaller portions. Unit Dosing The division of a powder blend into uniform single portions for delivery to patients. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217632 Sealing Non-Sterile Primary Packaging A device or process for closing and/or sealing primary pack containers following the filling process. Packaging (non-sterile products)/Sealing A device or process for closing and/or sealing primary pack containers following the filling process. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217633 Soft Gel Drying The removal of the majority of water from the capsule's gel shell by tumbling and subsequent tray drying using conditioned air, which enhances the size, shape, and shell physical properties of the final product. The drying operation is unique to each manufacturer's operation and generally uses in-house fabricated equipment. Soft Gel, Drying The removal of the majority of water from the capsule's gel shell by tumbling and subsequent tray drying using conditioned air, which enhances the size, shape, and shell physical properties of the final product. The drying operation is unique to each manufacturer's operation and generally uses in-house fabricated equipment. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217634 Soft Gel Encapsulation The continuous casting of gel ribbons, with liquid fill material being injected between the gel ribbons using a positive displacement pump or, for dry materials being gravity or force fed with capsule formation using a rotary die. Soft Gel, Encapsulation The continuous casting of gel ribbons, with liquid fill material being injected between the gel ribbons using a positive displacement pump or, for dry materials being gravity or force fed with capsule formation using a rotary die. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217635 Soft Gel Fill Mixing The mixing of either liquids or solids with other liquids to form a solution; blending of limited solubility solid(s) with a liquid carrier and suspending agents used to stabilize the blend to form a suspension; or the uniform combination of dry inert and drug active substances to form a dry powder fill suitable for encapsulation. Soft Gel, Fill Mixing The mixing of either liquids or solids with other liquids to form a solution; blending of limited solubility solid(s) with a liquid carrier and suspending agents used to stabilize the blend to form a suspension; or the uniform combination of dry inert and drug active substances to form a dry powder fill suitable for encapsulation. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217636 Soft Gel Inspection/Sorting The process wherein undesirable capsules are removed, including misshapen, leaking, and unfilled capsules as well as agglomerates of capsules. Soft Gel, Inspection/Sorting The process wherein undesirable capsules are removed, including misshapen, leaking, and unfilled capsules as well as agglomerates of capsules. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217637 Soft Gel Mass Preparation The manufacture of a homogeneous, degassed liquid mass of gelatin, plasticizer, water, and other additives, either in solution or suspension, such as colorants, pigments, flavors, preservatives, that comprise a functional gel shell formation. Soft Gel, Mass Preparation The manufacture of a homogeneous, degassed liquid mass (solution) of gelatin, plasticizer, water, and other additives, either in solution or suspension, such as colorants, pigments, flavors, preservatives, etc., that comprise a unique functional gel shell formation. The operation may be performed in discreet steps or by continuous processing. Minor components can be added after the liquid gel mass is made. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217638 Soft Gel Washing The continuous removal of a lubricant material from the outside of the formed capsule. The washing operation is unique to each manufacturer's operation and generally uses in-house fabricated equipment. Soft Gel, Washing The continuous removal of a lubricant material from the outside of the formed capsule. The washing operation is unique to each manufacturer's operation and generally uses in-house fabricated equipment. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217639 Temperature Conditioning The process of treating air to control its temperature to meet the specified requirements. Temperature Conditioning The process of treating air to control its temperature to meet the requirement of conditioned space. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C217640 Transferring Non-Sterile Medical Product Packaging The process of relocating bulk finished product from holding to filling equipment using pipe, hose, pumps and/or other associated components. Packaging (non-sterile products)/Transfer The process of relocating bulk finished product from holding to filling equipment using pipe, hose, pumps and/or other associated components. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C84382 Sterilization A process for killing microorganisms. Sterilization Validated process used to render product free from viable microorganisms. See ISO/TS 11139. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C84386 Particle Size Reduction The mechanical process of breaking particles into smaller pieces via one or more particle size reduction mechanisms. Milling is the most common process used. Particle Size Reduction The mechanical process of breaking particles into smaller pieces via one or more particle size reduction mechanisms. The mechanical process used generally is referred to as milling. A C217408 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Category Terminology C84732 Labeling Activity The action of affixing an identifier to an item or the container for an item. Labelling The action of affixing an identifier to an item or the container for an item. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C106177 Micronization A process to reduce a solid material to particles with an average size described in microns. Fluid Energy Milling Particles are reduced in size as a result of high-speed particle-to-particle impact and/or attrition; also known as micronizing. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C112973 Laser Drill Formulation Process A process that uses a laser to drill holes in a tablet. Laser Drilling A drilling system typically is a custom built unit consisting of a material handling system to orient and hold the solid dosage form, a laser (or lasers), and optics (lenses, mirrors, deflectors, etc.) to ablate the hole or holes, and controls. The drilling unit may include debris extraction and inspection systems as well. The sorting, orienting, and holding equipment commonly is provided by dosage form printing equipment manufacturers, and is considered ancillary in this use. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C112976 Rotating Pan Coating Method A method that agitates a substrate in a rotating pan while it is sprayed with a layer of coating material. Pan Coating The uniform deposition of coating material onto the surface of a solid dosage form, or component thereof, while being translated via a rotating vessel. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C112979 Flash Drying Method A process that removes water or volatile solvents from a bed of solids by relying on absorption of heat radiation by those solvents. Direct Heating, Dilute Solids Bed, Flash Drying Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between wet solids and hot gases. The solid mass is suspended in a finely divided state in a high-velocity and high-temperature gas stream. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying gases. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C112980 Fluid Bed Drying Method A process that removes water or volatile solvents using large volumes of hot air to suspend a bed of solids. Direct Heating, Fluidized Solids Bed Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solids and hot gases. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying gases. The solids are in an expanded condition, with the particles supported by drag forces caused by the gas phase. The solids and gases intermix and behave like a boiling liquid. This process commonly is referred to as fluid bed drying. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113005 Dry Roller Compaction Granulation The act of forming granules by mechanically applying pressure by rollers to form a compact that is subsequently milled and screened resulting in dry granules. Dry Granulation Dry powder densification and/or agglomeration by direct physical compaction. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113007 Extrusion Granulation The use of a series of integrated steps whereby a dry powder is conditioned to form a plasticized mass that is forced through a screen and cut into sections, ultimately to yield granules possessing characteristic dimensions and density. Extrusion Granulation Plasticization of solids or wetted mass of solids and granulation fluid with linear shear through a sized orifice using a pressure gradient. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113008 Fluid Bed Granulation The process of forming granules involving the addition of liquid to bind particles as they are suspended in a fluidized state by a flowing gas stream, resulting in dry granules suitable for filling or compression. Fluid Bed Granulation Powder densification and/or agglomeration with little or no shear by direct granulation fluid atomization and impingement on solids, while suspended by a controlled gas stream, with simultaneous drying. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113009 Fluidized Hot Melt Granulation The process of forming granules using meltable binders to agglomerate dry powders under elevated temperatures resulting in granules suitable for filling or compression. Hot-melt Granulation An agglomeration process that utilizes a molten liquid as a binder(s) or granulation matrix in which the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is mixed and then cooled down followed by milling into powder. This is usually accomplished in a temperature controlled jacketed high shear granulating tank or using a heated nozzle that sprays the molten binders(s) onto the fluidizing bed of the API and other inactive ingredients. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113011 High Shear Granulation The use of a series of integrated steps whereby a dry powder is conditioned by wetting, or is melted, to form a plasticized mass that with the aid of high shear forces yields relatively dense particles. Wet High-Shear Granulation Powder densification and/or agglomeration by the incorporation of a granulation fluid into the powder with high-power-per-unit mass, through rotating high-shear forces. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113012 Low Shear Granulation The use of a series of integrated steps whereby a dry powder is conditioned by wetting or is melted to form a plasticized mass that with the aid of low shear forces, yields particles possessing characteristic dimensions and density. Low-Shear Tumble Granulation Powder densification and/or agglomeration by the incorporation of a granulation fluid into the powder with low-power-per-unit mass, through rotation of the container vessel and/or intensifier bar. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113013 Spray Granulation Granulation involving the atomization of a slurry of fine particles that are bound as they are suspended and conveyed by a flowing hot gas stream, resulting in dry granules suitable for filling or compression. Spray Dry Granulation A pumpable granulating liquid containing solids (in solution or suspension) is atomized in a drying chamber and rapidly dried by a controlled gas stream, producing a dry powder. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113025 Dry Powder Convection Mixing Mixing of dry ingredients by mechanical agitation within a containment zone. Convection Mixing Particles are reoriented in relation to one another as a result of mechanical movement; also known as paddle or plow mixing. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113027 Dry Powder Pneumatic Mixing Mixing of dry ingredients by dispersion and turbulence within a flowing stream of gas. Pneumatic Mixing Particles are reoriented in relation to one another as a result of the expansion of a powder bed by gas. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113040 Screening Particle Sizing Separation of dry particles into size-differentiated fractions by mechanical movement through fixed mesh screens. Separating Particles are segregated based upon particle size alone and without any significant particle size reduction. This process commonly is referred to as screening or bolting. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113042 Wet Milling Particle Sizing A process to reduce the particle size of a slurry material by attrition using either grinding or mechanical shear. Wet Low-Shear Granulation Powder densification and/or agglomeration by the incorporation of a granulation fluid into the powder with low-power-per-unit mass, through rotating low-shear forces. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C113071 Terminal Sterilization Sterilization of a finished product. Terminal Sterilization Sterilization following production using steam, gas, dry heat, water, or radiation. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C16475 Cryopreservation Preservation of cells, tissues, organs, or embryos by storage at low temperatures. Cryopreservation Storage at very low temperature, usually in liquid nitrogen or the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C214703 Visual Inspection Human evaluation of an attribute of a subject or material using visual discernment. Visual Inspection The assessment and physical removal of misshapen or leaking packages using a manual operation. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217577 Primary Package Filling Filling operating principles involve several associated subprinciples. The primary package can be precleaned to remove particulates or other materials by the use of ionized air, vacuum, or inversion. A holding vessel equipped with an auger, gravity, or pressure material feeding system should be used. The vessel may or may not be able to control temperature and/or agitation. Actual filling of the dosage form into primary containers can involve a metering system based on an auger, gear, orifice, peristaltic, or piston pump. A head-space blanketing system can also be used. Filling Filling operating principles involve several associated subprinciples. The primary package can be precleaned to remove particulates or other materials by the use of ionized air, vacuum, or inversion. A holding vessel equipped with an auger, gravity, or pressure material feeding system should be used. The vessel may or may not be able to control temperature and/or agitation. Actual filling of the dosage form into primary containers can involve a metering system based on an auger, gear, orifice, peristaltic, or piston pump. A head-space blanketing system can also be used. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217596 Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Melt Extrusion A process that involves melting and mixing API and an excipient (generally a polymer) using low or high shear kneading screws followed by cooling and then milling into granules. Thermal energy for melting is usually supplied by the electric/water heater placed on the barrel. Materials are either premixed or fed into an extruder separately. Melt extruder subclasses primarily are distinguished by the configuration of the screw. Melt Extrusion A process that involves melting and mixing API and an excipient (generally a polymer) using low or high shear kneading screws followed by cooling and then milling into granules. Thermal energy for melting is usually supplied by the electric/water heater placed on the barrel. Materials are either premixed or fed into an extruder separately. Melt extruder subclasses primarily are distinguished by the configuration of the screw. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217597 Aseptic Filtration The use of a porous filter to remove microorganisms from liquids or gases. Aseptic Sterilization (Filtration) The process of passing a substance through a porous material to remove living organisms. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217598 Capsule Inspection/Sorting The physical removal of misshapen, leaking, or agglomerated capsules, using either a manual or automatic operation. Inspection/Sorting The physical removal of misshapen, leaking, or agglomerated capsules, using either a manual or automatic operation. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217600 Compression Dosage Form Coating A coating process where a dry coatings blend is applied on a previously compressed core tablet using a tablet compression machine. Therefore, this process is also known as a dry coating process that does not involve any water or any other solvent in the coating process. Compression Coating A coating process where a dry coatings blend is applied on a previously compressed core tablet using a tablet compression machine. Therefore, this process is also known as a dry coating process that does not involve any water or any other solvent in the coating process. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217601 Compression Milling Particles are reduced in size by compression stress and shear between two surfaces. Compression Milling Particles are reduced in size by compression stress and shear between two surfaces. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217602 Cutting Particles are reduced in size by mechanical shearing. Cutting Particles are reduced in size by mechanical shearing. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217603 Deaeration The removal of entrapped air from either the gel mass or fill material, solution, or suspension. This process can take place in either the mixing vessel, through the application of vacuum, or a separate off-line step. Deaeration The removal of entrapped air from either the gel mass or fill material, solution, or suspension. This process can take place in either the mixing vessel, through the application of vacuum, or a separate off-line step. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217604 Deaggregation The removal of aggregates using a suitable homogenizer/mill to provide a pumpable fill material. Deaggregation The removal of aggregates using a suitable homogenizer/mill to provide a pumpable fill material. The procedure has minimal effect on the particle size distribution of the initial solid component(s), and is viewed as a processing aid. (Carstensen, J. T., Theory of Pharmaceutical Systems, Volume 11 Heterogeneous Systems, Academic Press, New York, NY, 1973, p 51.) A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217605 Diffusion Blending Particles are reoriented in relation to one another when they are placed in random motion and interparticular friction is reduced as the result of bed expansion (usually within a rotating container). Diffusion Blending (Tumble) Particles are reoriented in relation to one another when they are placed in random motion and interparticular friction is reduced as the result of bed expansion (usually within a rotating container); also known as tumble blending. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217606 Dip Dosage Form Coating Coating is applied to the substrate by dipping it into the coating material. Drying is accomplished using pan coating equipment. Dip Coating Coating is applied to the substrate by dipping it into the coating material. Drying is accomplished using pan coating equipment. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217607 Direct Heat Drying, Moving Solids Bed Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solids and hot gases. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying gases. Solids motion is achieved by either mechanical agitation or gravity force, which slightly expands the bed enough to flow one particle over another. Direct Heating, Moving Solids Bed Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solids and hot gases. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying gases. Solids motion is achieved by either mechanical agitation or gravity force, which slightly expands the bed enough to flow one particle over another. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217608 Direct Heat Drying, Static Solids Bed Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solids and hot gases. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying gases. There is no relative motion among solid particles. The solids bed exists as a dense bed, with the particles resting upon one another. Direct Heating, Static Solids Bed Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between the wet solids and hot gases. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying gases. There is no relative motion among solid particles. The solids bed exists as a dense bed, with the particles resting upon one another. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217609 Direct Heating, Dilute Solids Bed, Spray Drying Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between a highly dispersed liquid and hot gases. The feed liquid may be a solution, slurry, emulsion, gel or paste, provided it is pumpable and capable of being atomized. The fluid is dispersed as fine droplets into a moving stream of hot gases, where they evaporate rapidly before reaching the wall of the drying chamber. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying gases. The solids are fully expanded and so widely separated that they exert essentially no influence on one another. Direct Heating, Dilute Solids Bed, Spray Drying Heat transfer is accomplished by direct contact between a highly dispersed liquid and hot gases. The feed liquid may be a solution, slurry, emulsion, gel or paste, provided it is pumpable and capable of being atomized. The fluid is dispersed as fine droplets into a moving stream of hot gases, where they evaporate rapidly before reaching the wall of the drying chamber. The vaporized liquid is carried away by the drying gases. The solids are fully expanded and so widely separated that they exert essentially no influence on one another. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217610 Dosage Form Ink-Based Printing The application of contrasting colored polymer (ink) onto the surface of a tablet or capsule. Ink-Based Printing The application of contrasting colored polymer (ink) onto the surface of a tablet or capsule. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217611 Dosage Form Laser Etching The application of identifying markings onto the surface of a tablet or capsule using laser-based technology. Laser Etching The application of identifying markings onto the surface of a tablet or capsule using laser-based technology. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217612 Dose Tabletting The division of a powder blend in which compression force is applied to form a single unit dose. Tabletting The division of a powder blend in which compression force is applied to form a single unit dose. (note: embossing is covered here) A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217614 Electrostatic Dosage Form Coating A strong electrostatic charge is applied to the surface of the substrate. The coating material containing oppositely charged ionic species is sprayed onto the substrate. Electrostatic Coating A strong electrostatic charge is applied to the surface of the substrate. The coating material containing oppositely charged ionic species is sprayed onto the substrate. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217616 Gas Stripping The use of an inert gas to remove a dissolved gas from a substance. Gas Stripping Heat transfer is a combination of direct and indirect heating. The solids motion is achieved by agitation and the bed is partially fluidized. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217617 Gas Suspension Dosage Form Coating The application of a coating material onto a solid dosage form, or component thereof, while being entrained in a process gas stream. Alternatively, this may be accomplished simultaneously by spraying the coating material and substrate into a process gas stream. Gas Suspension The application of a coating material onto a solid dosage form, or component thereof, while being entrained in a process gas stream. Alternatively, this may be accomplished simultaneously by spraying the coating material and substrate into a process gas stream. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217618 Hard Gelatin Encapsulating The division of material into a hard gelatin capsule. Encapsulators should all have the following operating principles in common: rectification (orientation of the hard gelatin capsules), separation of capsule caps from bodies, dosing of fill material/formulation, rejoining of caps and bodies, and ejection of filled capsules. Encapsulating The division of material into a hard gelatin capsule. Encapsulators should all have the following operating principles in common: rectification (orientation of the hard gelatin capsules), separation of capsule caps from bodies, dosing of fill material/formulation, rejoining of caps and bodies, and ejection of filled capsules. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217620 Impact Milling Particles are reduced in size by high-speed mechanical impact or impact with other particles; also known as milling, pulverizing, or comminuting. Impact Milling Particles are reduced in size by high-speed mechanical impact or impact with other particles; also known as milling, pulverizing, or comminuting. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217621 Indirect Conduction Drying, Moving Solids Bed Heat transfer to the wet solid is through a retaining wall. The vaporized liquid is removed independently from the heating medium. Solids motion is achieved by either mechanical agitation or gravity force, which slightly expands the bed enough to flow one particle over another. Indirect Conduction, Moving Solids Bed Heat transfer to the wet solid is through a retaining wall. The vaporized liquid is removed independently from the heating medium. Solids motion is achieved by either mechanical agitation or gravity force, which slightly expands the bed enough to flow one particle over another. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217622 Indirect Conduction Drying, Static Solids Bed Heat transfer to the wet solid is through a retaining wall. The vaporized liquid is removed independently from the heating medium. There is no relative motion among solid particles. The solids bed exists as a dense bed, with the particles resting upon one another. Indirect Conduction, Static Solids Bed Heat transfer to the wet solid is through a retaining wall. The vaporized liquid is removed independently from the heating medium. There is no relative motion among solid particles. The solids bed exists as a dense bed, with the particles resting upon one another. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217623 Indirect Radiant Drying, Moving Solids Bed Heat transfer is accomplished with varying wavelengths of energy. Vaporized liquid is removed independently from the solids bed. The solids motion is achieved by mechanical agitation, which slightly expands the bed enough to flow one particle over one another. This process commonly is referred to as microwave drying. Indirect Radiant, Moving Solids Bed Heat transfer is accomplished with varying wavelengths of energy. Vaporized liquid is removed independently from the solids bed. The solids motion is achieved by mechanical agitation, which slightly expands the bed enough to flow one particle over one another. This process commonly is referred to as microwave drying. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217625 Package Capping The provision of a protective or obstructive covering on a container. Capping The provision of a protective or obstructive covering on a container. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217627 Powder Filling The division of a powder blend into a container closure system. Powder Filling The division of a powder blend into a container closure system. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217628 Primary Package Sealing Primary packages can be sealed using a variety of methods, including conducted heat and electromagnetic (induction or microwave) or mechanical manipulation (crimping or torquing). Sealing Primary packages can be sealed using a variety of methods, including conducted heat and electromagnetic (induction or microwave) or mechanical manipulation (crimping or torquing). A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217629 Rotary Die Encapsulation The formation of capsules using a rotary die machine. Encapsulation The formation of capsules using a rotary die machine. (Lachman, L., H. A. Lieberman, and J. L. Kanig (Eds.), The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy, Chapter 3, p. 359 (Stanley, J. P.), Philadelphia Lea & Febiger, 1971; Tyle, P. (Ed.), Specialized Drug Delivery Systems, Manufacturing and Production Technology, Chapter 10, p. 409 (Wilkinson, P.K. and F.S. Hom), New York; M. Dekker, 1990; Porter, S., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Edition 18, Chapter 89, pp. 1662 - 1665, Easton, Penn.: Mack Publishing Co.) A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217630 Rotary Granulation Spheronization, agglomeration, and/or densification of a wetted or non-wetted powder or extruded material. This is accomplished by centrifugal or rotational forces from a central rotating disk, rotating walls, or both. The process may include the incorporation and/or drying of a granulation fluid. Rotary Granulation Spheronization, agglomeration, and/or densification of a wetted or non-wetted powder or extruded material. This is accomplished by centrifugal or rotational forces from a central rotating disk, rotating walls, or both. The process may include the incorporation and/or drying of a granulation fluid. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217641 Tumble Milling Particles are reduced in size by attrition utilizing grinding media. Tumble Milling Particles are reduced in size by attrition utilizing grinding media. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217642 Vacuum Film Dosage Form Coating This technique uses a jacketed pan equipped with a baffle system. Tablets are placed into the sealed pan, an inert gas (i.e., nitrogen) is used to displace the air and then a vacuum is drawn. Vacuum Film Coating This technique uses a jacketed pan equipped with a baffle system. Tablets are placed into the sealed pan, an inert gas (i.e., nitrogen) is used to displace the air and then a vacuum is drawn. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C217646 Reduction by Screening Particles are reduced in size by mechanically induced attrition through a screen. This process commonly is referred to as milling or deagglomeration. Screening Particles are reduced in size by mechanically induced attrition through a screen. This process commonly is referred to as milling or deagglomeration. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C28150 Freeze-Drying A dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material. The specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. Indirect Conduction, Lyophilization Drying in which the water vapor sublimes from the product after freezing. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C48160 Freezing The act or event which causes the transition from a liquid to solid matter phase when the temperature is lowered. Freezing The act or event which causes the transition from a liquid to solid matter phase when the temperature is lowered. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C48167 Transfer The act of conveying or transporting from one place to another. Transfer The controlled movement or transfer of materials from one location to another. A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C52474 Assembly The act of constructing something. Assembly (PFS, MDI, etc.) A process in which all parts, components, and fasteners as defined in and assembled according to the manufacturer's assembly and installation instructions (prefilled syringe, metered-dose inhaler, etc.). A C217410 PQ/CMC Unit Operations Subcategory Terminology C64925 Mix To bring or combine together or with something else; add as an additional element or part. Mixing The combination of solid and liquid components, including suspending aid(s) at either ambient or elevated temperatures to form a solution, suspension, or dry powder blend for the manufacture of gel mass or fill material. Mixing also includes the incorporation of minor components into the liquid gel mass.